DSpace Collection: Theses in Anatomy

PATTERNS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG OUT-OF-SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS IN EGBEDA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OYO STATE

Wed, 01 May 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Title: PATTERNS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG OUT-OF-SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS IN EGBEDA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OYO STATE Authors: OKUNOLA, Esther Inioluwa Abstract: Adolescents are important group of the population. The process of adolescents’ maturation is influenced by recognised risk and protective factors that are present during adolescence, their families and the environment. Many people initiate sexual intercourse during their adolescent years and being out of school has been found to be a risk factor for initiation of health risk behaviours including high-risk sexual behaviours. The study was aimed at assessing the patterns of sexual behaviour among out-of-school adolescents in Egbeda local government area, Oyo State. The study was carried out using a cross-sectional study design. A three-stage sampling technique was adopted to select 400 out-of-school adolescents within the age of 15- 19years. The study employed quantitative method of data collection using interviewer administered semi-structured questionnaire. Collected data were sorted and analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 21 and analysis of data was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics. Safe sexual practices were assessed on a 30-point scale, score <20 and ≥20 were considered to be unsafe and safe sexual practice respectively. The level of significance (α) was set at 95% confidence level. The mean age of respondents was 17.5 ± 0.1 years, more than half were females (55.5%) and most (97.8%) of them were single.Majority (75.0%) of the respondents discussedsexual matters with friends and 72.3% had friends who were sexually active. Majority (82.8%) of respondents had a boy/girlfriend and many (64.8%) of the respondents had sexual intercourse. The lowest age at sexual debut was 13 years. Some (45.5%) of respondents used contraceptive the last time they had sexual intercourse and condom was used more (31.8%) than other contraceptive methods. Some (47.3%) of respondents have not used contraceptives in the past 12months. Less than a third (30.3%) of respondents had been forced by someone to engage in sexual intercourse. Few (32.6%) did engage in oral sex and 26.3% engaged in anal sex. Many (67.8%) of respondents are exposed to movies and musicals that teach and promote sexual activities. Few (15.5%) of respondents engaged in sexual activities in order to get money to take care of themselves. Some (46.3%) of respondents were encouraged by friends to engage in sexual activities. Majority (94.8%) of the respondents engaged in unsafe sexual practice while few (5.3%) engaged in safe sexual practices. There was a significant association between age (p = 0.00), sex (p = 0.04), occupation (p = 0.01) and experience of sexual intercourse. Older respondents (OR= 8.29) and males (R= 0.68) are more likely to have sexual intercourse. Findings reveal that most out-of-school adolescents were sexually active and a substantial majority of them engaged in unsafe sexual practices. Environmental factors and the people adolescents see as models especially their friends influenced their decisions concerning the kind of sexual behaviours to adopt. The need for further expansion and strengthening of information and services to adolescents, particularly for the less accessible out-of-school ones should be encouraged. Description: A Project in the Department of Health Promotion and Education submitted to Faculty of Public Health In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC HEALTH (HEALTH PROMOTION AND EDUCATION) Of the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN

THE INTRINSIC ANATOMICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CUNEO-GRACILE NUCLEI COMPLEX OF THE RAT

Wed, 23 Feb 1977 00:00:00 GMT

Title: THE INTRINSIC ANATOMICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CUNEO-GRACILE NUCLEI COMPLEX OF THE RAT Authors: ODUTOLA, A.B. Abstract: The studies making up the thesis were aimed towards elucidating the intrinsic structural organization of the cuneo-gracile nuclei complex. The rat was the experimental animal of choice but limited data were collected from cats and monkeys. The cytoarchitectonic organization of the rat cuneo-gracile complex was studied to provide the background to other studies. Five neuronal types, each with its differential density distribution were identified within the cuneo-gracile nuclei. These neurons were classified as (a) small round (b) medium round to oval, (c) large round to globular (d) fusiform and (e) polygonal according to their soma shape. The distribution characteristics of these neurons were such as to permit a regionalisation of the rat cuneo-gracile complex into rostral, middle and caudal portions along the rostro-caudal axis. The reference point was the obex and the rostral region was 1.3-1.5 mm in front of the obex. The middle region was 1.3 mm behind the obex. The caudal region was the supervening 1.0 mm caudal of the middle region. of all the three regions, the middle one had the largest cell density distribution. With Golgi techniques it was possible to further define the morphological properties of these five basic neurons. Furthermore, the medium round to oval and the large round to globular neurons were identified to project axons into the medial lemniscus. The small round, fusiform and polygonal neurons were identified as interneurons. One of these, the polygonal neuron, appear to be a special type of interneuron since it not only had local axonal projection but also one which was capable of integrating activities between the different regions of the complex and the adjoining reticular formation; a function in keeping with that of a proprioneuron. On the basis of neuronal dispositions in relation to the afferent domain, sub-species of projecting and non-projecting cells were shown to exist. One species, dorsally placed were predominantly under dorsal column afferent influence. Another species ventrally placed received convergent inputs from the dorsal column, pyramidal tract and reticular formation. A member of the species with convergent input projected its axon dorsally thereby integrating ventral and dorsal on-going activities. Certain complex synaptic networks identified in Golgi studies were confirmed by electron-microscopic studies and in fact the possible substrate for sensory integration and modulation was deemed to reside in these complex synaptic networks. When all of the data obtained by the different techniques are brought together, it is possible to formulate local circuit pathways conceivably operative in the rat cuneo-gracile nuclei complex. It is also possible to utilise the structural data to propose substrates for certain functional mechanisms of somato-sensory processing which have been observed at this level. The results obtained were also further discussed in the light of existing knowledge and possibilities for future research were highlighted especially from the view point of technique. Description: A THESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN

HISTOCHEMISTRY OF RAT SMALL INTESTINE MUCOSA AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION SILVER NITRATE

Mon, 01 Jan 1979 00:00:00 GMT

Title: HISTOCHEMISTRY OF RAT SMALL INTESTINE MUCOSA AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION SILVER NITRATE Authors: OGUNNAIKE, P.O. Abstract: The investigations making up the thesis were aimed towards elucidating the structural and histochemical effects of toxic doses of silver nitrate on rat small intestinal mucosa at three different sites. The studies were also an attempt to find out 1. the relationship between dose of silver nitrate and the degree of histological damage; 2. the relationship between dose and magnitude of the biochemical change; 3. changes if any, in the biochemical and morphological patterns following the replacement of silver nitrate by water; 4. the uptake of silver at various sites following the ingestion of silver nitrate. To provide background to these studies, it was necessary first of all to establish normal distribution patterns in terms of the enzymes and histology of the various sites. The enzymes investigated include Acid phosphatase; Alkaline phosphatase; /β-glucuronidase; Lactate dehydrogenase and /β -Hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase. The results of the background studies suggest that the height of the villi decreases progressively from the 10% point to the 95% point. The volume of the lamina propria of the epithelia decreased progressively from the 95% point to the 10% point. There was point-to-point variation in the levels of activities of Acid phosphatase; Alkaline phosphatase; β -glucuronides and Lactate dehydrogenase. The activity of dehydrogenase was uniform at all the sites. Following the ingestion of silver nitrate there were marked changes in the villi; crypts and lamina propria. Silver nitrate produced histological damage of the mucosa. The extent of damage was directly proportional to the dose. The 10% point appeared most vulnerable to silver toxicity; followed by the 50% point and the 95% point. The activities of Acid phosphatase; Alkaline phosphatase and β -glucuronidase were stimulated following silver nitrate ingestion. The magnitude of stimulation was directly proportional to the dose of silver nitrate. The activities of Lactate dehydrogenase and β -Hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase were inhibited following silver nitrate ingestion. The magnitude of Inhibition was directly proportional to the dose of silver nitrate. When the silver nitrate was replaced by water there were changes in biochemical and morphological patterns. There was evidence of histologic and enzymic recovery. The absorptive capacity for silver varies in different regions of rat small Intestine. The 10% point is the most active for silver uptake, followed by the 50% point. The 95% point has the least capacity for silver uptake. When all of the data obtained by the different methods are pooled together, they provide basic Information on the reaction of rat small Intestinal mucosa to silver toxicity. The experimental methods utilised in this work probably have potential as a model for the investigation of the mechanism of Intestinal damage in experimental animal. They can also be used for the investigation of epithelial turnover and repair; and for the study of potential agents for the prevention and treatment of ulceration of the small intestinal mucosa. Furthermore, correlated studies of functional capacity and enzyme levels as reported in this work might be useful in identifying the nature of the enzymic systems concerned in the absorption process. Description: A THESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY SUBMITTED TO COLLEGE OF MEDICINE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, NIGERIA.

A FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

Tue, 01 Apr 1969 00:00:00 GMT

Title: A FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT Authors: BAXTER-GRILLO, DOROTHEA Abstract: Needham (1942) in the glossary of his book "Biochemistry and Morphogenesis" defines "functional differentiation" as the differentiation of tissues as the result of forces arising out of the functions which they are performing. The functions of the adult gastrointestinal tract are mainly digestion and assimilation of food stuff. The cell population of the stomach and intestine, by a combination of forces, maintain these functions. To do so, various groups of cells have specialized both in their morphology and in their chemistry. The gradual development of the cell population of the embryo towards this adult pattern of morphology and chemistry may be regarded as maturation. Hence a chronological account of the evolution of such a pattern may be considered desirable. But to reach that end, which we call maturation, other "forces” must arise which are capable of performing functions necessary for the process of development. Those forces therefore must be regarded as essential aspect of important “functions” even if only transient functions. Failure of these transient functions may result in arrested development. Hence it is important to add to the chronological data the indices of adult function these transient forces which are chemical in nature and those which provide the energy for the process of maturation. A histological study of the developing gastrointestinal tract may provide the morphological indices of maturation. Histochemical studies can indicate these chemical forces that are necessary for the complete functional differentiation of the organ. The histological differentiation of the gastrointestinal tract of the domestic fowl has been described by several investigators and since the domestic fowl was readily available, most of the investigations in these present studies were made using chick embryos. Description: A THESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, NIGERIA